Правовой статус родителей в эпоху новых репродуктивных технологий: на пути к преднамеренному (осознанному) родительству

Abstract

Innovative technologies in the field of reproduction, including assisted reproductive techniques and surrogacy, are forming new legal paradigms that need detailed research and systematisation. The concept of «intentional» or «conscious» parenthood goes beyond the classical understanding of family relations, creating a unique legal reality that requires careful analysis. The doctrine is based on the principle that «intention and consent» become the predominant factors in determining the status of parents. The article analyzes the application of this approach in the context of surrogacy and  assisted reproductive technologies and highlights the acute legal conflict between the right to procreative freedom in ART and the approach of «strict reproductive responsibility» in «traditional» parenting. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to establish criteria for «consciousness», when individuals decide to become parents under various circumstances (for example, when a pregnant woman decides to remain pregnant, when voluntarily establishing paternity, when concluding a surrogacy agreement). In this article, special attention is paid to balance of interests of all participants in legal relations in the context of the development of alternative forms of family formation  in scientific publications by Russian and foreign authors.