«Россия и Европа» как проблема русской философии: Данилевский / Чаадаев / Ильин

Abstract

The article examines the existentially significant problem of «Russia and Europe» in the context of the tradition of Russian philosophy in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries. The relevance of this problem is proved taking into account the current geopolitical situation and the ongoing confrontation between Russia and the collective West. The article explores various approaches to solving this problem through the context of Russian philosophy and the most significant conceptions, such as those of Nikolay Danilevsky, Pyotr Chaadayev, and Ivan Ilyin. The article consistently examines the civilizational, Westernist, patriotic, and nationalist (in the spirit of I.A. Ilyin) approaches to interpreting the problem. It substantiates the hypothesis that many of the ideas and intuitions of Russian philosophers have found their logical continuation in the subsequent history of Russia and its modernity. The article examines the variants suggested by the Russian philosophers of a response to the «slanderers» and «haters» of Russia, and reveals their critical attitude towards Westernism, «Europeanism» (Eurocentrism), and the widespread Russian «disease of Europeanization». The following progressive ideas of Russian philosophy in the modern context have been chosen and analyzed: the polycentrism of global historical development, the specificity of individual civilizations (including Russian and European civilizations), the individuality of Russia as a newforming cultural and historical type, the uniqueness of the Russian idea, its fundamental irreducibility to European standards, and the theoretical justification of Europe’s historically formed negative attitude towards Russia.